# Jujutsu Templates - Complete Reference

Templates are a functional language in jujutsu for customizing command output. This document provides comprehensive coverage of template syntax, keywords, functions, operators, and practical usage patterns.

## Overview

The template language enables customization of jujutsu command output via the `-T`/`--template` option. Templates can format text, apply styling, perform calculations, and implement conditional logic.

## Basic Usage

### Command Line Templates

```bash
# Simple template
jj log -T 'commit_id.short()'

# Multiple components
jj log -T 'commit_id.short() ++ " " ++ description.first_line()'

# With formatting
jj log -T 'commit_id.short() ++ "\n" ++ indent("  ", description)'
```

### Configuration Templates

Set default templates in config (`jj config edit --user`):

```toml
[templates]
log = '''
  commit_id.short() ++ " "
  ++ if(conflict(), "⚠️ ", "")
  ++ description.first_line()
'''

op_log = 'id.short() ++ " " ++ description'
```

## Keywords

Keywords represent objects and their properties. The available keywords depend on the command context.

### Commit Keywords

Available in commit templates (e.g., `jj log`, `jj show`):

#### Basic Properties
- `commit_id` - Commit ID (CommitId type)
- `change_id` - Change ID (ChangeId type)
- `description` - Commit description (String)
- `author` - Commit author (Signature type)
- `committer` - Committer (Signature type)
- `working_copies` - Workspaces where this is the working copy (String)
- `current_working_copy` - Boolean, true if this is current working copy
- `bookmarks` - Bookmarks pointing to this commit (List<RefName>)
- `tags` - Tags pointing to this commit (List<RefName>)
- `git_refs` - Git refs pointing to this commit (List<RefName>)
- `git_head` - Git HEAD if pointing to this commit (RefName)
- `divergent` - Boolean, true if change has divergent commits
- `hidden` - Boolean, true if commit is hidden
- `immutable` - Boolean, true if commit is immutable
- `conflict` - Boolean, true if commit has conflicts
- `empty` - Boolean, true if commit has no changes
- `root` - Boolean, true if this is the root commit

#### Relationship Properties
- `parents` - Parent commits (List<Commit>)
- `contained_in` - Bookmarks/tags containing this commit (String)

#### Tree Properties
- `tree` - Commit tree object (Tree type)

### Operation Keywords

Available in operation templates (e.g., `jj op log`):

- `current_operation` - Boolean, true for current operation
- `description` - Operation description (String)
- `id` - Operation ID (OperationId type)
- `tags` - Tags on this operation (String)
- `time` - Operation timestamp (Timestamp type)
- `user` - User who performed operation (String)
- `root` - Boolean, true if root operation

## Types and Methods

### CommitId / ChangeId

Hexadecimal identifiers.

**Methods:**
- `.short([len])` - Abbreviated form (default 12 chars)
- `.shortest([min_len])` - Shortest unique prefix (min 4 chars)
- `.hex()` - Full hexadecimal string

```bash
jj log -T 'commit_id.short()'           # 12 chars
jj log -T 'commit_id.short(8)'          # 8 chars
jj log -T 'commit_id.shortest()'        # Unique prefix
jj log -T 'change_id.hex()'             # Full ID
```

### String

Text values.

**Methods:**
- `.contains(needle)` - Check if contains substring
- `.starts_with(prefix)` - Check if starts with prefix
- `.ends_with(suffix)` - Check if ends with suffix
- `.remove_prefix(prefix)` - Remove prefix if present
- `.remove_suffix(suffix)` - Remove suffix if present
- `.substr(start, end)` - Extract substring
- `.first_line()` - First line only
- `.lines()` - Split into list of lines
- `.upper()` - Convert to uppercase
- `.lower()` - Convert to lowercase
- `.len()` - String length

```bash
jj log -T 'description.first_line()'
jj log -T 'description.upper()'
jj log -T 'if(description.contains("bug"), "🐛", "")'
jj log -T 'description.substr(0, 50)'
```

### Signature

Author/committer information.

**Methods:**
- `.name()` - Person's name
- `.email()` - Email address
- `.username()` - Username (part before @ in email)
- `.timestamp()` - Signature timestamp

```bash
jj log -T 'author.name()'
jj log -T 'author.email()'
jj log -T 'author.username() ++ " " ++ author.timestamp()'
```

### Timestamp

Date and time values.

**Methods:**
- `.ago()` - Relative time ("2 days ago")
- `.format(format_string)` - Custom format (strftime)
- `.utc()` - Format in UTC

```bash
jj log -T 'author.timestamp().ago()'
jj log -T 'author.timestamp().format("%Y-%m-%d")'
jj log -T 'author.timestamp().format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")'
jj log -T 'author.timestamp().utc()'
```

Format specifiers (strftime):
- `%Y` - Year (4 digits)
- `%m` - Month (01-12)
- `%d` - Day (01-31)
- `%H` - Hour (00-23)
- `%M` - Minute (00-59)
- `%S` - Second (00-59)
- `%a` - Weekday abbreviation
- `%b` - Month abbreviation

### Boolean

True/false values.

**Usage in conditionals:**
```bash
jj log -T 'if(conflict, "⚠️ CONFLICT", "")'
jj log -T 'if(empty, "[empty]", description.first_line())'
jj log -T 'if(current_working_copy, "→ ", "  ")'
```

### List

Collections of values.

**Methods:**
- `.len()` - Number of items
- `.join(separator)` - Join into string
- `.map(|item| template)` - Transform each item
- `.filter(|item| condition)` - Select items matching condition
- `.any(|item| condition)` - True if any item matches
- `.all(|item| condition)` - True if all items match

```bash
# Join parent IDs
jj log -T 'parents.map(|c| c.commit_id().short()).join(", ")'

# Show bookmarks
jj log -T 'bookmarks.map(|b| b.name()).join(" ")'

# Filter and show
jj log -T 'tags.filter(|t| t.name().starts_with("v")).map(|t| t.name()).join(", ")'
```

### RefName

Reference names (bookmarks, tags, git refs).

**Methods:**
- `.name()` - Reference name
- `.remote()` - Remote name (for remote refs)
- `.present()` - Boolean, true if ref exists

```bash
jj log -T 'bookmarks.map(|b| b.name()).join(", ")'
jj log -T 'git_refs.map(|r| r.name()).join(", ")'
```

### Commit

Full commit objects (from parents, etc.).

**Methods:**
All commit keywords available as methods:
- `.commit_id()`
- `.change_id()`
- `.description()`
- `.author()`
- `.parents()`
- etc.

```bash
jj log -T 'parents.map(|c| c.commit_id().short()).join(", ")'
jj log -T 'parents.map(|c| c.author().name()).join(" & ")'
```

## Operators

### Template Concatenation (`++`)

Combine templates.

```bash
jj log -T 'commit_id.short() ++ " " ++ description.first_line()'
jj log -T 'author.name() ++ " <" ++ author.email() ++ ">"'
jj log -T '"[" ++ change_id.short() ++ "]"'
```

### Logical Operators

- `x && y` - Logical AND
- `x || y` - Logical OR
- `!x` - Logical NOT

```bash
jj log -T 'if(conflict && !empty, "⚠️", "")'
jj log -T 'if(immutable || hidden, "SKIP", commit_id.short())'
```

### Comparison Operators

- `x == y` - Equal
- `x != y` - Not equal
- `x < y` - Less than
- `x > y` - Greater than
- `x <= y` - Less than or equal
- `x >= y` - Greater than or equal

```bash
jj log -T 'if(parents.len() > 1, "MERGE", "NORMAL")'
jj log -T 'if(description.len() < 10, "SHORT", description.first_line())'
```

### Arithmetic Operators

- `x + y` - Addition
- `x - y` - Subtraction
- `x * y` - Multiplication
- `x / y` - Division (integer)
- `x % y` - Modulo

```bash
jj log -T 'if(author.timestamp().format("%H").parse_int() > 12, "PM", "AM")'
```

### Method Calls

- `x.method()` - Call method on object
- `x.method(arg1, arg2)` - Call with arguments

```bash
jj log -T 'commit_id.short(8)'
jj log -T 'description.substr(0, 50)'
jj log -T 'author.timestamp().format("%Y-%m-%d")'
```

## Functions

Built-in template functions.

### Conditional Functions

#### `if(condition, then, else)`

Conditional output.

```bash
jj log -T 'if(conflict, "⚠️ ", "") ++ description.first_line()'
jj log -T 'if(empty, "[empty]", commit_id.short())'
jj log -T 'if(current_working_copy, "→ ", "  ") ++ description.first_line()'

# Nested conditionals
jj log -T '
  if(conflict, "⚠️",
    if(empty, "∅",
      if(divergent, "◆", "●")))
  ++ " " ++ description.first_line()
'
```

#### `coalesce(option1, option2, ...)`

Return first non-empty value.

```bash
jj log -T 'coalesce(description, "[no description]")'
jj log -T 'coalesce(bookmarks.map(|b| b.name()).join(", "), "[no bookmarks]")'
```

### Formatting Functions

#### `label(label, content)`

Apply styling/color labels.

```bash
jj log -T 'label("commit_id", commit_id.short())'
jj log -T 'label("error", "CONFLICT") ++ " " ++ description'
jj log -T 'if(conflict, label("error", "⚠"), "") ++ description.first_line()'
```

Common labels:
- `commit_id` - Commit ID styling
- `change_id` - Change ID styling
- `author` - Author name styling
- `timestamp` - Timestamp styling
- `bookmark` - Bookmark styling
- `tag` - Tag styling
- `error` - Error styling
- `warning` - Warning styling

#### `fill(width, content)`

Wrap text to specified width.

```bash
jj log -T 'fill(80, description)'
jj log -T 'commit_id.short() ++ "\n" ++ fill(72, description)'
```

#### `indent(prefix, content)`

Indent lines with prefix.

```bash
jj log -T 'commit_id.short() ++ "\n" ++ indent("  ", description)'
jj log -T 'description.first_line() ++ "\n" ++ indent("    ", author.name())'
```

#### `pad_start(width, content[, fill_char])`

Pad start to width.

```bash
jj log -T 'pad_start(10, commit_id.short())'
jj log -T 'pad_start(20, author.name(), ".")'
```

#### `pad_end(width, content[, fill_char])`

Pad end to width.

```bash
jj log -T 'pad_end(50, description.first_line())'
jj log -T 'pad_end(30, author.name(), " ") ++ commit_id.short()'
```

#### `truncate_start(width, content)`

Truncate from start if too long.

```bash
jj log -T 'truncate_start(50, description.first_line())'
```

#### `truncate_end(width, content)`

Truncate from end if too long.

```bash
jj log -T 'truncate_end(50, description.first_line())'
jj log -T 'pad_end(60, truncate_end(60, description.first_line()))'
```

### List Functions

#### `separate(separator, ...values)`

Join values with separator, skipping empty ones.

```bash
jj log -T 'separate(" | ", commit_id.short(), author.name(), description.first_line())'
jj log -T 'separate("\n", description, bookmarks.map(|b| b.name()).join(", "))'
```

Unlike `++`, `separate()` skips empty values:
```bash
# If bookmarks is empty, no trailing separator
jj log -T 'separate(" ", commit_id.short(), bookmarks.map(|b| b.name()).join(","))'
```

### Serialization Functions

#### `json(value)`

Serialize value to JSON.

```bash
jj log -T 'json(commit_id.short())'
jj log -T 'json(description.first_line())'

# For structured output
jj log -T '
  "{" ++
  "\"commit\": " ++ json(commit_id.short()) ++ "," ++
  "\"description\": " ++ json(description.first_line()) ++
  "}"
'
```

## Practical Examples

### Compact Log Format

```bash
jj log -T '
  commit_id.short()
  ++ " "
  ++ author.username()
  ++ " "
  ++ author.timestamp().ago()
  ++ " "
  ++ description.first_line()
'
```

### Detailed Format

```bash
jj log -T '
  "commit " ++ commit_id.short() ++ "\n"
  ++ "Author: " ++ author.name() ++ " <" ++ author.email() ++ ">\n"
  ++ "Date:   " ++ author.timestamp().format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") ++ "\n"
  ++ "\n"
  ++ indent("    ", description)
'
```

### Status Indicators

```bash
jj log -T '
  if(current_working_copy, "→", " ")
  ++ if(conflict, "⚠", " ")
  ++ if(empty, "∅", " ")
  ++ if(divergent, "◆", " ")
  ++ " "
  ++ commit_id.short()
  ++ " "
  ++ description.first_line()
'
```

### Branch and Tag Display

```bash
jj log -T '
  commit_id.short()
  ++ " "
  ++ separate(" ",
       bookmarks.map(|b| label("bookmark", b.name())).join(" "),
       tags.map(|t| label("tag", t.name())).join(" "))
  ++ if(bookmarks.len() > 0 || tags.len() > 0, "\n    ", " ")
  ++ description.first_line()
'
```

### Parent Commit IDs

```bash
jj log -T '
  commit_id.short()
  ++ " (parents: "
  ++ parents.map(|c| c.commit_id().short()).join(", ")
  ++ ") "
  ++ description.first_line()
'
```

### Merge Commit Detection

```bash
jj log -T '
  if(parents.len() > 1,
     "MERGE " ++ commit_id.short() ++ "\n"
       ++ "  parents: " ++ parents.map(|c| c.commit_id().short()).join(", ") ++ "\n"
       ++ "  " ++ description.first_line(),
     commit_id.short() ++ " " ++ description.first_line())
'
```

### JSON Output

```bash
jj log -T '
  "{\"commit_id\": " ++ json(commit_id.short())
  ++ ", \"change_id\": " ++ json(change_id.short())
  ++ ", \"author\": " ++ json(author.name())
  ++ ", \"email\": " ++ json(author.email())
  ++ ", \"date\": " ++ json(author.timestamp().format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
  ++ ", \"description\": " ++ json(description.first_line())
  ++ "}"
'
```

### Author Statistics

```bash
jj log -T '
  author.name()
  ++ " ("
  ++ author.email()
  ++ ") - "
  ++ author.timestamp().format("%Y-%m-%d")
  ++ " - "
  ++ commit_id.short()
'
```

### Time-Based Formatting

```bash
jj log -T '
  "["
  ++ author.timestamp().format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")
  ++ "] "
  ++ author.username()
  ++ ": "
  ++ truncate_end(60, description.first_line())
'
```

## Template Aliases

Define reusable template fragments in config:

```toml
[template-aliases]
# Simple substitutions
short_commit = 'commit_id.short()'
full_author = 'author.name() ++ " <" ++ author.email() ++ ">"'

# Complex templates
format_timestamp = 'author.timestamp().format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")'

status_icons = '''
  if(current_working_copy, "→", " ")
  ++ if(conflict, "⚠", " ")
  ++ if(empty, "∅", " ")
'''

compact_commit = '''
  commit_id.short()
  ++ " "
  ++ author.username()
  ++ " "
  ++ description.first_line()
'''
```

Use in templates:
```bash
jj log -T 'status_icons ++ compact_commit'
jj log -T 'short_commit ++ " by " ++ full_author'
```

## Advanced Patterns

### Conditional Styling

```bash
jj log -T '
  label(
    if(conflict, "error",
      if(empty, "warning", "commit_id")),
    commit_id.short())
  ++ " "
  ++ description.first_line()
'
```

### Multi-Line Descriptions

```bash
jj log -T '
  commit_id.short() ++ "\n"
  ++ separate("\n",
       if(bookmarks.len() > 0, "Bookmarks: " ++ bookmarks.map(|b| b.name()).join(", "), ""),
       if(tags.len() > 0, "Tags: " ++ tags.map(|t| t.name()).join(", "), ""))
  ++ "\n"
  ++ indent("  ", description)
  ++ "\n"
'
```

### Working Copy Highlighting

```bash
jj log -T '
  if(current_working_copy,
     label("working_copy", ">> " ++ commit_id.short() ++ " <<"),
     "   " ++ commit_id.short() ++ "   ")
  ++ " "
  ++ description.first_line()
'
```

### List Filtering and Mapping

```bash
# Show only remote bookmarks
jj log -T '
  commit_id.short()
  ++ " "
  ++ bookmarks
       .filter(|b| b.remote() != "")
       .map(|b| b.remote() ++ "/" ++ b.name())
       .join(", ")
'

# Show version tags only
jj log -T '
  commit_id.short()
  ++ " "
  ++ tags
       .filter(|t| t.name().starts_with("v"))
       .map(|t| t.name())
       .join(", ")
'
```

### Complex Conditional Logic

```bash
jj log -T '
  if(conflict,
     label("error", "⚠ CONFLICT") ++ " " ++ commit_id.short(),
     if(empty,
        label("warning", "∅ EMPTY") ++ " " ++ commit_id.short(),
        if(divergent,
           label("warning", "◆ DIVERGENT") ++ " " ++ commit_id.short(),
           commit_id.short())))
  ++ "\n"
  ++ if(current_working_copy, "→ ", "  ")
  ++ description.first_line()
'
```

## Performance Considerations

### Avoid Expensive Operations in Large Histories

```bash
# Expensive - computes for every commit
jj log -T 'commit_id.short() ++ " " ++ contained_in'

# Better - only show what's needed
jj log -r 'latest(all(), 50)' -T 'commit_id.short() ++ " " ++ description.first_line()'
```

### Limit Template Complexity

```bash
# Complex template - may be slow
jj log -T '
  commit_id.short()
  ++ " "
  ++ parents.map(|c|
       c.commit_id().short()
       ++ " by "
       ++ c.author().name()
     ).join(", ")
  ++ " "
  ++ description
'

# Simpler alternative
jj log -T '
  commit_id.short()
  ++ " (parents: " ++ parents.map(|c| c.commit_id().short()).join(", ") ++ ")"
  ++ " "
  ++ description.first_line()
'
```

## Best Practices

### 1. Build Templates Incrementally

```bash
# Start simple
jj log -T 'commit_id.short()'

# Add author
jj log -T 'commit_id.short() ++ " " ++ author.name()'

# Add description
jj log -T 'commit_id.short() ++ " " ++ author.name() ++ " " ++ description.first_line()'

# Add formatting
jj log -T '
  commit_id.short()
  ++ " "
  ++ truncate_end(20, author.name())
  ++ " "
  ++ description.first_line()
'
```

### 2. Use Template Aliases

Define commonly-used patterns once:

```toml
[template-aliases]
my_log = '''
  if(current_working_copy, "→ ", "  ")
  ++ commit_id.short()
  ++ " "
  ++ author.username()
  ++ " "
  ++ author.timestamp().ago()
  ++ " "
  ++ description.first_line()
'''
```

```bash
jj log -T my_log
```

### 3. Test Templates on Small Sets

```bash
# Test on single commit
jj log -r @ -T 'your template here'

# Test on small range
jj log -r 'latest(all(), 5)' -T 'your template here'
```

### 4. Use Proper Quoting

```bash
# Single quotes for templates (avoid shell expansion)
jj log -T 'commit_id.short() ++ " " ++ description'

# Escape quotes inside template strings
jj log -T '"[" ++ commit_id.short() ++ "]"'
```

### 5. Leverage `separate()` for Clean Output

```bash
# Rather than manual checking for empty values
jj log -T 'commit_id.short() ++ if(bookmarks.len() > 0, " " ++ bookmarks.map(|b| b.name()).join(","), "")'

# Use separate
jj log -T 'separate(" ", commit_id.short(), bookmarks.map(|b| b.name()).join(","))'
```

## Troubleshooting

### Template Syntax Errors

```bash
# Error: missing closing quote
jj log -T 'commit_id.short()
# Fix: close the quote
jj log -T 'commit_id.short()'

# Error: mismatched parentheses
jj log -T 'if(conflict, "X"'
# Fix: close all parentheses
jj log -T 'if(conflict, "X", "")'
```

### Type Errors

```bash
# Error: trying to call string method on commit
jj log -T 'parents.short()'
# Fix: map over list and call method on each
jj log -T 'parents.map(|c| c.commit_id().short()).join(", ")'

# Error: treating string as boolean
jj log -T 'if(description, "yes", "no")'
# Fix: check for empty string
jj log -T 'if(description != "", "yes", "no")'
```

### Empty Output

```bash
# Check if keywords exist
jj log -r @ -T 'description'

# Verify list length
jj log -r @ -T 'bookmarks.len()'

# Use coalesce for defaults
jj log -T 'coalesce(bookmarks.map(|b| b.name()).join(","), "[no bookmarks]")'
```

## Integration with Commands

### Log Output

```bash
jj log -T 'template'
jj log -r 'revset' -T 'template'
jj log --no-graph -T 'template'  # Without graph
```

### Show Command

```bash
jj show -T 'template'
```

### Operation Log

```bash
jj op log -T 'template'
```

### Scriptable Output

```bash
# Get commit IDs for scripting
jj log -r 'mine()' -T 'commit_id.hex()' --no-graph

# JSON output
jj log -r @ -T '{"id": ' ++ json(commit_id.short()) ++ '}' --no-graph
```

## Summary

Templates provide powerful output customization in jujutsu:

- **Keywords**: `commit_id`, `change_id`, `description`, `author`, `committer`, etc.
- **Types**: CommitId, String, Signature, Timestamp, Boolean, List, RefName, Commit
- **Operators**: `++` (concat), `&&/||/!` (logical), `==/!=/</>` (comparison), `+/-/*` (arithmetic)
- **Functions**: `if()`, `coalesce()`, `label()`, `fill()`, `indent()`, `separate()`, etc.
- **Methods**: `.short()`, `.first_line()`, `.contains()`, `.map()`, `.filter()`, etc.
- **Aliases**: Define reusable templates in config
- **Best practices**: Build incrementally, use aliases, test on small sets

For commit selection, see revsets.md. For file filtering, see filesets.md.

Master templates to create custom, informative output that fits your workflow perfectly.